| Definition: Any argument of the following form is invalid: If p then q
Not p
Therefore, Not q. Examples: - If you were to get hit by a car when you are six, then you would die young. But you were not hit by a car when you were six. Thus you will not die young. (Of course, you could be hit by a train at age seven, in which case you still die young.)
- If I am in Minneapolis then I am in Minnesota.
I am not in Minneapolis.
Therefore, I am not in Minnesota.(No, I am in St. Paul, Minnesota.) Proof: Show that even though the premises are true, the conclusion may be false. In particular, show that the consequence B may occur even though A does not occur. References
Barker: 69, Cedarblom and Paulsen: 26, Copi and Cohen: 241
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