Jewish Studies on Friday
The Jewish Network
On Fridays all day we bring Weekly studies in materials selected for Teachings that are on
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NATSZAL - The Jewish Network is not about wierd or wacky; wild or wooly, legalistic or Judaistic. It is about Jesus and studies about Him. Some studies involve discussing Jewish Culture; but this is not a Network in How to Be a Jew or a Gentile, a separatist or exclusivism. This is a Network that presents factual information as it relates to Jewish Studies.
Jewish Topical "Ancient Israel" (2 of 100) TWO TIMELINE OF ISRAEL #As this is from a Jewish Source, Jesus is notably not mentioned. Amoraim, or Mishna scholars, flourish. The Amoraim's commentary, along with the Mishna, comprises the Talmud. Emperor Alexander Severus allowed for a revival of Jewish rights, including permission to visit Jerusalem. Amoraim, or Mishna scholars, flourish. The Amoraim's commentary, along with the Mishna, comprises the Talmud. Babylonian Talmud recorded. After conquering Italy in 493, Ostrogoth king Theodoric issues an edict safeguarding the Jews and ensuring their right to determine civil disputes and freedom of worship.
The Dawn of “History”*
(ca. 3800-2001 B.C.E.)
3760 Adam & Eve created (Year 1 of Jewish calendar) 3630 Seth born 3525 Enosh born ca. 3500 Chalcolithic Period, first settlement 3435 Kenan born 3365 Mehalalel born 3300 Yered born 3138 Enoch born 3074 Methusaleh born 2886 Lemech born 2831 Adam dies ca. 2800 Early Dynastic period (Akkad) 2704 Noah born ca. 2700-2400 Old Kingdom period (Egypt) ca. 2500-2200 Ebla flourishes ca. 2500 First houses built in Jerusalem ca. 2300-2200 Priestess Enheduanna, first known author in the world 2203 Shem born 2150 The Flood 2100-1700 Middle Kingdom period (Egypt) Context of Ancient Israelite Religion*
(ca. 2000-539 B.C.E.)
2000-1750 Old Babylonian period 2000-1700 Israel's Patriarchal period ca. 1900-1400 Old Assyrian period 1882 Terach born 1813 Abraham born ca. 1850/1750/1700 Abraham & Sarah, Isaac & Ishmael, famine forces Israelites to migrate to Egypt 1800 First Jerusalem city wall built ca. 1792-1750 Hammurabi ca. 1750-1200 Hittite empire 1765 The Tower of Babel 1743 Origin of traditions of the "Abrahamic covenant" 1713 Isaac born; Abraham circumcises himself; Sodom & Gomorrah destroyed ca. 1700-1550 Hyksos in Egypt 1677 Isaac prepared as sacrifice; Sarah dies 1653 Jacob born 1638 Abraham dies ca. 1600-1150 Kassite period (Babylonia) 1590 Isaac blesses Jacob instead of Esau. ca. 1570-1085 New Kingdom period (Egypt) 1569 Jacob marries Leah 1565 Levi born 1562 Joseph born 1546 Joseph sold into slavery 1533 Isaac dies 1532 Joseph becomes viceroy of Egypt 1523 Jacob and his family join Joseph in Egypt ca. 1500-1200 Ugaritic texts 1452 Joseph dies 1429 Egyptian enslavement of the Hebrews begins ca. 1400-900 Middle Assyrian period ca. 1400-1300 Amarna period (Egypt) 1393 Moses born. 1355 Joshua born. 1314 Moses sees the burning bush. ca. 1300-1200 Mosaic period (Israel) 1280 Exodus from Egypt, Sinai Torah, Canaan Entry 1240 After setting up the Ark at Shiloh near Shechem (Nablus), Joshua launches foray into Jerusalem (Joshua 10:23, 15:63) ca. 1200 Sea Peoples invade Egypt and Syro-Palestine ca. 1200-1050/1000 Period of the Judges (Israel) ca. 1200-1000 Jerusalem is a Canaanite city ca. 1150-900 Middle Babylonian period: ca. 1106 Deborah judges Israel. ca. 1050-450 Hebrew prophets (Samuel-Malachi) ca. 1000-587 Monarchical period in Israel ca. 1030-1010 Saul (transitional king) ca. 1010-970 David conquers the Jebusites and makes Jerusalem his capital ca. 970-931 Solomon builds the First Temple on Mount Moriah ca. 931 Secession of Northern Kingdom (Israel) from Southern Kingdom (Judah) 931-913 Rehoboam rules Judah 931-910 Jeroboam I rules Israel, choses Shechem as his first capital, later moves it to Tirzah 913-911 Abijah rules Judah 911-870 Asa rules Juda 910-909 Nadab (son of Jeroboam) rules Israel 909-886 Baasha kills Nadab and rules Israel 900-612 Neo-Assyrian period 886-885 Elah, son of Baasha, rules Israel 885 Zimri kills Elah, but reigns just seven days before committing suicide, Omri chosen as King of Israel 885-880(?) War between Omri and Tibni 885-874 Omri kills Tibni, rules Israel 879 Omri moves capital of Israel from Tirzah to Samaria 874-853 Ahab, Omri's son, is killed in battle, Jezebel reigns as Queen. Athaliah, Ahab and Jezebel's daughter, marries Jehoram, crown prince of Judah 870-848 Jehoshapha rules Judah 853-851 Ahaziah, son of Ahab, rules Israel, dies in accident 750-725 Israelite Prophets Amos, Hosea, Isaiah 722/721 Northern Kingdom (Israel) destroyed by Assyrians; 10 tribes exiled (10 lost tribes) 720 Ahaz, King of Judah dismantles Solomon's bronze vessels and places a private Syrian altar in the Temple 716 Hezekiah, King of Jerusalem, with help of God and the prophet Isaiah resists Assyrian attempt to capture Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 32). Wells and springs leading to the city are stopped 701 Assyrian ruler Sennacherib beseiges Jerusalem 612-538 Neo-Babylonian (“Chaldean”) period 620 Josiah (Judean King) and “Deuteronomic Reforms” ca. 600-580 Judean Prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel 587/586 Southern Kingdom (Judah) and First Temple destroyed-Babylonian exile ca. 550 Judean Prophet “Second Isaiah” 541 First Jews return from Babylon in small numbers to rebuild the city and its walls. Seventy years of exile terminated. (Daniel 9, Haggai 2:18-19) 539 Persian ruler Cyrus the Great conquers Babylonian Empire Judaism after the Babylonian Exile
(ca. 538 B.C.E.-70 CE)
538-333 B.C.E. Persian Period. 538 B.C.E. Edict of Cyrus (first return from Exile). 520-515 B.C.E. Jerusalem ("Second") Temple rebuilt. 520 B.C.E. Judean Prophet Haggai. 500 B.C.E. The notion of a Messiah, a political/military-religious/moral leader, develops. 450-400 B.C.E. Reformation led by Ezra and Nehemiah. ca. 450 B.C.E. Torah (Pentateuch = first division of Jewish Scriptures) begins to gain recognition as Scripture. 438 B.C.E. Achashverosh becomes king of Persia. 426 B.C.E. First decrees by Haman; fast ordered by Esther, Haman's downfall and execution. 425 B.C.E. Haman's ten sons executed; Purim celebration. 424 B.C.E. Megillah recorded. 411 B.C.E. Bagoas, a Persian, is made governor of Jerusalem. 333-63 B.C.E. Hellenistic (Greek) period. 333/331 B.C.E. Alexander the Great conquers the Land of Israel. ca. 320-168 B.C.E. Judaism under Greek Ptolemies & Seleucids. ca. 250 B.C.E. "Septuagint" translation of Torah into Greek. ca. 230-146 B.C.E. Coming of Rome to the east Mediterranean. ca. 201 B.C.E. Prophets (second division of Jewish Scriptures) recognized by some as Scripture ca. 200 B.C.E.-135 C.E. Jewish Qumran community. 175 B.C.E. Selicid, king of Syria, plunders Jerusalem, murdering many. 166-160 B.C.E. Jewish Maccabean revolt against restrictions on practice of Judaism and desecration of the Temple. 142-129 B.C.E. Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans. 63 B.C.E. Rome (Pompey) annexes the land of Israel. 66-73 C.E. First Jewish Revolt against Rome. 69 C.E. Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism. 70 C.E. Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple. Rule of Rome
(ca. 230 B.C.E.-400 C.E.)
ca. 230-146 B.C.E. Coming of Rome to the east Mediterranean. 142-129 B.C.E. Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans. 63 B.C.E. Rome (Pompey) annexes the land of Israel. 37-4 B.C.E. Herod the Great (Jewish Roman ruler of the land of Israel). 37 B.C.E. Herod captures Jerusalem, has Antigonus II executed, and marries the Hasmonean princess Mariamne I. 20 B.C.E. Herod creates Temple Mount and begins to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem. Project continues until 72 C.E.. ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E. Joshua/Jesus “the Christ.” MODERN ERA
Hillel & Shammai (Jewish sages). 6 C.E. Rome establishes direct rule of prefects in Judea. ca. 13 B.C.E.- 41 C.E. Philo Judaeus of Alexandria. ca. 30 C.E. Jesus is crucified. 36-64 C.E. Paul “the apostle” (Jewish “Christian”). ca. 37-100 C.E. Josephus (Jewish leader, historian). ca. 40 C.E. Gamliel/Gamaliel I (Jewish leader-scholar). ca. 50-125 C.E. Christian Testament (NT) writings. 66-73 C.E. First Jewish Revolt against Rome. 69 C.E. Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism. 70 Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple. 73 Last stand of Jews at Masada. ca. 90-100 Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from the synagogues. ca. 90-150 Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture. 114-117 Jewish Revolts against Rome in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene. The Great Synagogue and the Great Library in Alexandria are destroyed as well as the entire Jeiwsh community of Cyprus. Afterwards, Jews were forbidden on Cyprus. 120-135 Rabbi Akiva active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism. 132-135 Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt). Roman forces kill an estimated half a million Jews and destroy 985 villages and 50 fortresses. 136 Hadrian renames Jerusalem Aelia Capatolina and builds a Pagan temple over the the site of the Second Temple. He also forbids Jews to dwell there. Judea (the southern portion of what is now called the West Bank) was renamed Palaestina in an attempt to minimize Jewish identification with the land of Israel. 138-161 Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's sucessor, repeals many of the previously instituted harsh policies towards Jews. 193-211 Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats Jews relatively well, allowing them to participate in public offices and be exempt from formalities contrary to Judaism. However, he did not allow the Jews to convert anyone ca. 200 Mishnah (Jewish oral law) compiled/edited under Judah the Prince. 200-254 Origen (Christian scholar, biblical interpreter). 203 Because of his health, Judah HaNasi relocates the center of Jewish learning from Beth Shearim to Sepphoris. 212 Roman Emperor Caracalla allows free Jews within the empire to become full Roman citizens. 220 Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab. 220-470 222-235 240-276 Rise of Mani/Manichaean World Religion synthesis. ca. 250 Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I 250-330 Early development of Christian monasticism in Egypt. 263-339 Eusebius (Christian author, historian) 303 Violent persecution of Christians by Emperor Diocletian. To 311 Sporadic persecution of Christianity by Rome. 306 One of the first Christian councils, the Council of Elvira, forbids intermarriage and social interaction with Jews 312/313 Emperor Constantine embraces Christianity, announces Edict of Toleration 315 Code of Constantine limits rights of non-Christians, is Constantine's first anti-Jewish act. 368 Jerusalem Talmud compiled. Rabbinic Jewish Period of Talmud Development
(70-500 C.E.)
66-73 First Jewish Revolt against Rome. 69 Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism. 70 Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple, 73 Last stand of Jews at Masada. ca. 90-100 Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from the synagogues. ca. 90-150 Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture. 114-117 Jewish Revolts against Rome in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene. The Great Synagogue and the Great Library in Alexandria are destroyed as well as the entire Jeiwsh community of Cyprus. Afterwards, Jews were forbidden on Cyprus. 120-135 Rabbi Akiva active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism. 132-135 Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt). Roman forces kill an estimated half a million Jews and destroy 985 villages and 50 fortresses. 136 Hadrian renames Jerusalem Aelia Capatolina and builds a Pagan temple over the the site of the Second Temple. He also forbids Jews to dwell there. Judea (the southern portion of what is now called the West Bank) was renamed Palaestina in an attempt to minimize Jewish identification with the land of Israel. 138-161 Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's sucessor, repeals many of the previously instituted harsh policies towards Jews. 193-211 Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats Jews relatively well, allowing them to participate in public offices and be exempt from formalities contrary toJudaism. However, he did not allow the Jews to convert anyone ca. 200 Mishnah (Jewish oral law) compiled/edited under Judah the Prince. 203 Because of his health, Judah HaNasi relocates the center of Jewish learning from Beth Shearim to Sepphoris. 212 Roman Emperor Caracalla allows free Jews within the empire to become full Roman citizens. 220 Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab. 220-470 222-235 Emperor Alexander Severus allowed for a revival of Jewish rights, including permission to visit Jerusalem. ca. 250 Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I. 306 One of the first Christian councils, the Council of Elvira, forbids intermarriage and social interaction with Jews. 315 Code of Constantine limits rights of non-Christians, is Constantine's first anti-Jewish act. 359 Hillel creates a new calendar based on the lunar year to replace the dispersed Sanhedrin, which previously announced the festivals. 368 Jerusalem Talmud compiled. 370-425 Hillel founds Beit Hillel, a school emphasizing tolerance and patience. Hillel, a descendant of King David, is one of the first scholars to devise rules to interpret the Torah. 410 Rome sacked by Visigoths. 425 Jewish office of Nasi/Prince abolished by Rome. 426 Babylonian Talmud compiled. 439 Theodosis enacts a code prohibiting Jews from holding important positions involving money. He also reenacts a law forbidding the building of new synagogues. 500
Consolidation & Dominance of Classical Christianity
(325-590)
| 325 | Christian First Ecumenical Council, at Nicea (Asia Minor), changes the date of Easter from Passover and forbids Jews from owning Christian slaves or converting pagans to Judaism. |
| 330 | Jerusalem becomes part of Constantine's Byzantine Empire. |
| ca. 325-420 | Jerome (Christian author, translator). |
| 339 | Constantine forbids intermarriage with Jews and the circumcision of heathen or Christian slaves, declaring death as the punishment. |
| 354-430 | Augustine (Christian author in North Africa). |
| 359 | Hillel creates a new calendar based on the lunar year to replace the dispersed Sanhedrin, which previously announced the festivals. |
| 368 | Jerusalem Talmud compiled. |
| 370-425 | Hillel founds Beit Hillel, a school emphasizing tolerance and patience. Hillel, a descendant of King David, is one of the first scholars to devise rules to interpret the Torah. |
| 380/391 | Christianity becomes THE religion of Roman Empire. |
| 410 | Rome sacked by Visigoths. |
| 415 | St. Cyril, the Bishop of Alexandria, champions violence against the city's Jews and incites the Greeks to kill or expel them. Some Jews return within a few years, but many return only after the Muslims conquer Egypt. |
| 425 | Jewish office of Nasi/Prince abolished by Rome. |
| 426 | Babylonian Talmud compiled. |
| 439 | Theodosis enacts a code prohibiting Jews from holding important positions involving money. He also reenacts a law forbidding the building of new synagogues. |
| 451 | Christian Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon. |
| 500 | After conquering Italy in 493, Ostrogoth king Theodoric issues an edict safeguarding the Jews and ensuring their right to determine civil disputes and freedom of worship. |
| 501 | An earthquake hits Israel, partially destroying Acre and incuring damage as far east as Jersusalem. |
| 511 | Rebellion leader Mar Zutra usurps power from Kobad the Zenduk, establishing an independant Jewish state in Babylon that would last for seven years, until Zutra's forces defeated Zutra's army, killing him and instituted a harsh policy toward the remaining Jews. |
| 516 | Southern Arabian king Ohu Nuwas adopts Judaism, possibly as a rampart against the spread of Christianity. King Eleboas of Abyssinia, with the help of Justin I, later defeated Nuwas. |
| 519 | After Ravenna residents burnt down local synagogues, Ostrogoth ruler Theodoric orders the Italian town to rebuild the synagogues at their own expense. |
| 587 | Recared of Spain adopts Catholicism, banning Jews from slave ownership, intermarriage and holding positions of authority. Recared also declares that children of mixed marriages be raised Christian. |
| 570 | Birth of Prophet Muhammad, Makkah. |
| 590 | Pope Gregory the Great formulates the official Papal policy towards Jews, objecting to forced baptism and tolerating them according to the previous council's regulations. |
“Medieval” Period in the West
(ca. 600-1500)
| 610 | Visigothic ruler Sesbut prohibits Judaism after several anti-Jewish edicts are ignored. Exiled Jews return to Byzantine Spain under Sesbut's successor, Swintilla. |
| 614 | Persian General Romizanes captures Jerusalem and allows Jews to run the city. At this time, aproximately 150,000 Jews are living in 43 settlements in Eretz-Israel. |
| 617 | The Persians renege on their promises and forbid Jews to settle within a three mile radius of Jerusalem. |
| 638 | Although Chintilla decrees that only Catholics are permitted to live in Visogoth Spain, many Jews continue to live there. |
| 638 | Islamic conquest of Jerusalem. |
| 682 | Visigoth King Erwig continues oppression of Jews, making it illegal to practice any Jewish rites and pressing for the conversion or emigration of the remaining Jews. |
| 691 | First account of Jews in England. |
| 712 | Jews help Muslim invaders capture Spain, ending Visogoth rule and beginning a 150 year period of relative peace, in which Jews were free to study and practice religion as they wished. |
| 722 | In the wake of a narrow military defeat over Muslim forces, Leo III of Constantinople decided his nation's weakness lay in its heterogenious population, and began the forcible conversion of the Jews, as well as the "New Christians." Most converted under Leo III clandestinely continued their Jewish practices. |
| 1040 | Birth of Rashi. |
| 1066 | In the wake of the Norman conquest of England, Jews left Normandy and settled in London and later in York, Norwich, Oxford, Bristol and Lincoln. |
| 1078 | Pope Gregory VII prohibited Jews from holding offices in Christendom. |
| 1086-1145 | The greatest Hebrew poet of his time, Judah Halevi. |
| 1090 | Iban Iashufin, King of the Almoravides, captured Granada and destroyed the Jewish community, the survivors fled to Toledo. |
| 1095 | Henry IV of Germany, who granted Jews favorable conditions whenever possible, issued a charter to the Jews and a decree against forced baptism. |
| 1131 | Birth of Rambam. |
| 1171 | In the town of Blois, southwest of Paris, Jews are falsely accused of committing ritual murder ((killing of a Christian child) and blood libel. The adult Jews of the city are arrested and most are executed after refusing to convert. Thirty-one or 32 of the Jews are killed. The Jewish children are forcibly baptized. |
| 1210 | Group of 300 French and English rabbis make aliyah and settle in Israel. |
| 1215 | The Church's Fourth Lateran Council decrees that Jews be differentiated from others by their type of clothing to avoid intercourse between Jews and Christians. Jews are sometimes required to wear a badge; sometimes a pointed hat. |
| 1227-1274 | Christian theologian, who called for the slavery of all Jews, Saint Thomas Aquinas. |
| 1229 | King Henry III of England forced Jews to pay half the value of thier property in taxes. |
| 1242 | Burning of the Talmud in Paris. |
| 1244 | Tartars capture Jerusalem. |
| 1253 | King Henry III of England ordered Jewish worship in synagogue to be held quietly so that Christians passing by do not have to hear it. e also ordered that Jews may not employ Christian nurses or maids, nor may any Jew prevent another from converting to Christianity. |
| 1254 | French King Louis IX expelled the Jews from France, ending the Tosaphists period. Most Jews went to Germany and further east. |
| 1255 | Seeing himself as the "master of the Jews," King Henry II of England transferred his rights to the Jews to his brother, Richard, for 5,000 marks. |
| 1267 | In a special session, the Vienna city council forced Jews to wear the Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped headress prevelent in many medieval woodcuts illustrating Jews. This form of distinctive dress was an additon to badge Jews were forced to wear. |
| 1267 | Ramban (Nachmanides) arrives in Israel. |
| 1275 | King Edward of England banned usury and unsuccessfully encouraged Jews in agriculture, crafts and local trades. He also forced Jews over the age of seven to wear an indentifying badge. |
| 1282 | The Archbishop of Canterbury, John Pectin, ordered all London synagogues to closed and prohibited Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians. |
| 1285 | Blood libel in Munich, Germany results in the death of 68 Jews. An additional 180 Jews are burned alive at the synagogue. |
| 1287 | A mob in Oberwesel, Germany kills 40 Jewish men, women and children after a ritual murder accusation. |
| 1290 | Bowing political pressure, English King Edward I expels the Jews from England. They were only allowed to take what they could carry and most went to France, paying for thier passage only to be robbed and cast overboard by the ship captains. |
| 1306 | Philip IV orders all Jews expelled from France, with their property to be sold at public auction. Some 125,000 Jews are forced to leave. |
| 1321 | Similar to accusations made during the Black Plague, Jews were accused of encouraging lepers to poison Christian wells in France. An estimated five thousand Jews were killed before the king, Philip the Tall, admitted the Jews were innocent. |
| 1321 | Henry II of Castile forces Jews to wear yellow badges. |
| 1322 | Charles IV of France expels all French Jews without the one year period he had promised them. |
| 1348-1349 | Much of Europe blames the Black Plague on the Jews and tortured to confess that they poisoned the wells. Despite the pleas of innocence of Pope Clement VI, the accusations resulted in the destruction of over 60 large and 150 small Jewish communities. |
| 1348 | Basle burns 600 Jews at the stake and forcibly baptizes 140 children, expelling the city's other Jews. The city's Christian residents convert the synagogue into a church and destroy the Jewish cemetery. |
| 1348 | Pope Clement VI issues an edict repudiating the libel against Jews, saying that they too were suffering from the Plague. |
| 1360 | Samuel ben Meir Abulafia is arrested and tortured to death by King Pedro without any explination. The king also confiscated his great wealth. |
| 1385-1386 | German Emperor Wenceslaus arrests Jews living in the Swabian League, a group of free cities in S. Germany, and confiscates their books. Later, he expelled the Jews of Strassburg after a community debate. |
| 1386 | Emperor Wenceslaus expelles the Jews from Strassbourg and confiscate their property. |
| 1389 | After a priest was hit with some sand from a few small Jewish boys playing in the street, he insisted that the Jewish community was plotting against him and began a virulent campaign against the city's Jews, resulting in the massacre of thousands and the destruction of the city's synagogue and Jewish cemetery. King Wenceslaus refused to condemn the act, insisting that the responsibility lay with the Jews for going outside during the Holy Week. |
| 1389 | Pope Boniface continues the policy of Clement VI, forbidding the Christians to harm Jews, destroy their cemeteries or forcibly baptize them. |
| 1391 | Ferrand Martinez, archdeacon of Ecija, begins a campaign against Spanish Jewry, killing over 10,000 and destroying the Jewish quarter in Barcelona. The campaign quickly spreads throughout Spain, except for Granada, and destroys Jewish communities in Valencia and Palma De Majorca. |
| 1391 | King Pedro I orders Spain not to harm the remaining Jews and decrees that synagogues not be converted into churches. |
| 1392 | King Pedro I announces his compliance with the Bull of Pope Boniface IX, protecting Jews from baptism. He extends this edict to Spanish Jewish refugees. |
| 1415 | Benedict XIII bans the study of the Talmud in any form, institutes forced Christian sermons and tries to restrict Jewish life completely. |
| 1420 | Pope Martin V favorably reinstates old privleges of the Jews and orders that no child under the age of 12 can be forcibly baptized without parental consent. |
| 1420 | All Jews are expelled from Lyons, including the refugees from Paris who were expelled 20 years earliers. Jews now only remain in Provence (until 1500) and in the possessions of the Holy See. |
| 1422 | Pope Martin V issues a bull reminding Christians that Christianity was derived from Judaism and warns the Friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn the following year, alleging that the Jews of Rome attained the Bull by fraud. |
| 1480 | Inquisition established in Spain. |
Reception & Classical Development of Muhammad's Islamic Message
(570-1258)
| ca. 570-632 | Muhammad ("the Prophet" of Islam). |
| ca. 610 | Prophetic call and start of Quranic revelations. |
| 614 | Persian invasion, Jews allowed to controll Jerusalem. |
| 617 | Persians change policy toward Jews, forbid them from living within three miles of Jerusalem. |
| 622 | The hijra (emigration) from Mecca to Medina. |
| 624-627 | Muhammad attacks Jewish Arabian tribes for refusing to convert to Islam. Eventually the Southern Arabian tribes are destroyed. |
| 626 | While proselytizing Arabia, Muhammad captures the Banu Kurara tribe and forces the group of about 600 to chose between conversion and death. After spending all night praying, all but three or four Banu Kurarans are beheaded. |
| 627-629 | Emperor Heraclius breaks his promise of protection to Jews, massacring any he found and forbidding them from entering Jerusalem. Hundreds of Jews were killed and thousands exhiled to Egypt, ending the Jewish towns in the Galilee and Judea. Heraclius' decree remained in effect until the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem. |
| 630 | Capitulation of Mecca, rededication of Kaba. |
| 632 | The Jewish tribe Kaibar defends itself against Muslim forces, negotiating a settlement in which half of their crops would go to Mohammed in exchange for peace. Other Jewish tribes, including Fadattr, Tedma and Magna reached similar deals. |
| 590-604 | Pope Gregory the Great. |
| ca. 600-1300 | Period of the Jewish Rabbinic Geonim. |
| 632-661 | Muhammad dies, creating the four "rightly guided caliphs" of Islam. |
| 637 | Muslim forces capture Caesarea, forcing the city's estimated 100,000 Jews to follow the Pact of Omar, which meant they had to pray quietly, not build new synagogues and not prevent Jews from converting to Islam. The Jews were also forbidden from riding horses and holding judicial or civil posts, and were forced to wear a yellow patch for identification. |
| 638 | Caliph Umar conquers Jerusalem and Jews are permitted to return to the city under Islam. |
| 661 | Assassination of Ali (last of the four). |
| 661-750 | Umayyad Dynasty of Islam in Damascus (Syria). |
| 669, 674 | Muslim Attacks on Christian Constantinople. |
| 680 | Massacre of Ali's son Husayn and Shiites (Iraq). |
| 685 | Muslims extend Jerusalem and rebuild walls and roads. |
| 692 | Dome of the Rock built on site of First and Second Temples by Caliph Abd el-Malik. |
| 711 | Muslim Forces Attack Spain Successfully. |
| 715 | Al-Aqsa Mosque built, Jerusalem. |
| 732 | Islam repulsed at Tours (France), gateway to Europe. |
| 750 | Abbasid caliphate founded. |
| ca. 760 | Karaism founded (Jewish reaction to Rabbinic Judaism). |
| 762 | Baghdad founded by Abbasids. |
| 767 | Anan Ben David, organizer of the Karaite sect that only believed in the literal Biblical writings and not the Oral law. |
| 742-814 | Charlemagne, French Holy Roman Emperor, protected and helped develop Jewish culture in his kingdom, seeing Jews as an asset. |
| 740-1259 | Jewish Kingdom of Khazar lasts over 500 years, defending itself from the Muslims, Byzantines and Russians, finally subdued by Mongols under Genghis Khan. |
| 750-1258 | Abbasid Dynasty of Islam in Baghdad (Iraq)—the "golden age" of Islamic culture. |
| ?-767 | Abu Hanifa (Muslim theologian and jurist in Iraq). |
| 710-795 | Malik ibn Anas (jurist, collector of hadiths, Medina). |
| 800 | Caliph Harun al-Rashid rules in "1001 Nights" style. |
| ca. 800-950 | Mutazilite rationalism developed and debated. |
| 807 | Harun Al Rashid, Caliph of the Abbasids forces Baghdad Jews to wear a yellow badge and Christians to wear a blue badge. |
| 825 | Caliph Mamun sponsors translations of Greek learning into Arabic (Arabic science flourishes). |
| 814-840 | Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pius, who succeeded his father as king, expanded his father's positive policies towards the Jews, like changing "market day" from Saturday (Shabbat) to Sunday. |
| 855 | Ibn Hanbal (jurist, collector of hadiths, Baghdad). |
| 868 | Palestine annexed to Egypt. |
| 870, 875 | Bukhari and Muslim (collectors of hadiths). |
| 874 | Shiite "twelvers" arise. |
| ?-935 | Al-Ashari (ex-Mutazilite Muslim scholar). |
| 882-942 | Saadia Gaon (Rabbinic Jewish sage). |
| 942 | Office of the Exilarch was abolished after seven centuries, primarily because of dissention with the Muslims. David ben-Zaccai held the postion. |
| 922 | Execution of Hallaj, radical Persian Muslim mystic/sufi. |
| ca. 950-1150 | “Golden Age” in Spain (Islamic Umayyad dynasty). |
| 969 | Founding of Cairo (and soon thereafter Azhar University) by the Islamic Shiite Fatimid dynasty in Egypt. |
| 969 | Caliph al-Aziz defeated the Turkish princes at Ramleh, marking the beginning of Fatamid rule over Eretz-Israel. |
| 972 | Al-Azhar University Founded, Cairo. |
| ca. 1000 | Rabbi Gershon of Mainz, Germany, publishes a ban on bigamy. This marks the beginning of Ashkenazi (Franco-German) halachic creativity. |
| 1001 | Ibn al-Bawwab produces earliest exist Qur'an copy on paper, Baghdad. |
| 990-1055 | Diplomat and poet, as well as vizier to King Habus of Granada and author of a Biblical Hebrew dictionary, Samuel Ibn Nagrela. |
| 1008 | Egyptian Caliph Hakkim, who claimed to be divine, pressured all non-Muslims to convert and forced all Jews to wear a "golden calf" around their necks. |
| 1009 | Oldest existing text of full Hebrew Bible is written. |
| 1016 | Earthquake causes structrual damage on Temple Mount. |
| 1021-1069 | Messianic poet and philosopher, Solomon Ibn Gabirol. |
| 1027 | Samuel Hanagid becomes vizier of Granada. He is the first of the poets of the Golden Age of Spain, and symbolic of both the political power and literary creativity of Jews in Spain at the time. |
| 1032 | Rebel Abul Kamal Tumin conquered Fez and decimated the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews. |
| 1066 | Final split ("schism") between Latin (Roman) and Greek (Byzantine) Classical Christian Churches: 1053/54 William the Conqueror (Norman) takes England. |
| 1056 | Abraham Ibn Daud: On Saumuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada. |
| 1040-1105 | Rashi (Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac; Jewish sage): . |
| 1058-1111 | Ghazali (Persian Muslim scholar and mystic): . |
| 1065-1173 | Benjamin of Tudela, Jewish traveller and historian, who wrote a famous journal called Sefer Hamassa'ot (Book of Travels). |
| 1070 | Rashi, a French-Jewish thinker, completes his commentaries on most parts of the Bible. |
| 1070-1139 | Poet and philiospher Moses Ibn Ezra. |
| 1071 | Seljuk occupation of Jerusalem. |
| 1099 | First Crusade Begins rule in Jerusalem. |
| 1181 | Philip expels Jews from France. |
| 1187 | Salah al-Din returns Jerusalem to Muslim rule. |
| 1192 | Philip expands his kingdom and allows Jews to return, for a fee and under strict conditions. |
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